# Formula language¶

DSS includes a language to write formulas, much like a spreadsheet.

Formulas can be used:

• In data preparation, to create new columns, filter rows or flag rows

• More generally, to filter rows in many places of DSS:

• In the Filtering recipe, to filter rows

• In Machine Learning, to define the extracts to use for train and test set

• In the Python and Javascript APIs, to obtain partial extracts from the datasets

• In the Public API, to obtain partial extracts from the datasets

• In the grouping, window, join and stack recipes, to perform pre and post filtering

## Basic usage¶

Formulas define an expression that applies row per row.

Assuming that you have a dataset with columns N1 (numeric), N2 (numeric) and S (string) , here are a few example formulas:

• 2 + 2

• N1 + N2

• min(N1, N2) # Returns the smallest of N1 and N2

• replace(S, 'old', 'new') # Returns the value of S with ‘old’ replaced by ‘new’

• if (N1 > N2, 'big', 'small') # Returns big is N1 > N2, small otherwise

Note

We also have a How-To that lists common use cases with examples.

In almost all formulas, you’ll need to read the values of the columns for the current row.

When the column has a “simple” name (i.e: starting by a letter, contains only letters, numbers and underscores), you just need to use the name of the column in the formula: N1 + 4

For other cases, you can use:

• val("column with spaces") : returns the value of “column with spaces”

• strval("column with spaces") : returns the value of “column with spaces” as a string

• numval("column with spaces") : returns the value of “column with spaces” as a number

Warning

mycolumn evaluates to the value of the column named mycolumn

Thus, strval(mycolumn) would not work because it would try to read as a string the value of the column whose name is the value of the mycolumn column.

Instead, use strval("mycolumn").

You may also need to use strval to avoid DSS automatically typing a numerical variable. See below for more details.

## Variables typing and autotyping¶

Variables in the formula language can have one of the following types: string, integer, decimal, array, object, boolean, date

Regardless of the schema of the dataset, or the meanings of the columns (in the case of working on dynamically-generated columns), the following rules are applied:

• If column values are “standard” decimal, they are automatically parsed to decimal

• If column values are “standard” integer, they are automatically parsed to integer

• Else, they are kept as string

Columns containing dates, arrays, objects or booleans are not automatically converted to the matching Formula type. However:

• all functions that require an array will automatically attempt to convert a string input to array (using the regular DSS JSON syntax)

• all functions that require a date will automatically attempt to convert a string input to date (using the ISO-8601 format)

In other words, if the column “begin_date” is a date (and thus contains properly-formatted ISO-8601):

• type(begin_date) returns “string”

• inc(begin_date, 2, "days") works as expected because the inc function performed automatic conversion to date

### Avoiding auto-typing¶

There are some cases where auto-typing is not a good thing. For example, a value like 012345 would be automatically converted to the number 12345.

• To avoid autotyping to numerical, use the strval("mycolumn") function (see above)

• To manually obtain an array or object, use the parseJson function

• To manually obtain a number, use the numval("mycolumn") function

• To manually obtain a date, use the asDate function

• To manually obtain a boolean, use the asBool function

## Boolean values¶

The formula language uses “True” and “False”, with quotes, as boolean values for true and false.

## Operators¶

The formula language supports the classical arithmetic operators:

• Regular math operators: +, -, *, /

• Comparison operators (evaluate to booleans): >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=

• Arithmetic operators: // (integer division) and % (modulo)

• Boolean operators: &&, ||

• The + operator also performs string concatenation.

• The comparison operators (and only them) can operate on dates. For dates arithmetic, see the diff and inc functions.

## Array and object operations¶

Formula support accessing array elements and object keys using the traditional Python/Javascript syntax:

• array[0]

• object["key"]

• object.key (only valid if ‘key’ is a valid identifier, i.e. matches [A-Za-z0-9_]*)

Note: this requires that you actually have an array or object. You might need to use the parseJson function (see above paragraph about typing)

## Object notations¶

For all functions, you can use them the “regular” way: replace(str, 'a', 'b') or in the “object” way: str.replace('a', 'b')

In object notation, the first argument to the function is replaced by its ‘context’.

For example, the two syntaxes are equivalent:

length(trim(replace(foo, 'a', 'b')))

foo.replace('a', 'b').trim().length()


## DSS variables¶

You can retrieve the value of DSS variables via the syntax ${variable_name} or variables["variable_name"]. Both syntaxes have slightly different behaviors. ### variables[“variable_name”]¶ DSS evaluates variables["variable_name"] as JSON during the formula evaluation. If there is no variable defined with the supplied name, an empty cell is returned. For example, given the following global variables { "max_height": 500, "warning_msg": "too tall", "msgs": {"ok":"OK", "over":"too tall"} }  The formula if(height < variables["max_height"], "OK", variables["warning_msg"]) is evaluated as if(height < 500.0, "OK", "too tall"). Note that the max_height is evaluated as 500.0 as JSON consider all numbers to be decimal. The formula if(height < variables["max_height"], "OK", variables["msgs"]["over"]) is evaluated as if(height < 500.0, "OK", "too tall"). ###${variable_name}¶

During processing DSS replaces the ${variable_name} placeholder with its verbatim content and then evaluate the formula. If there is no variable defined with the supplied name, an error is returned. For example, given the following global variables: { "max_height": 500, "warning_msg": "too tall", "msgs": {"ok":"OK", "over":"too tall"} }  The formula if(height <${max_height}, "OK", "${warning_msg}") is converted into if(height < 500, "OK", "too tall") before being evaluated. Note that quotes have been added around${warning_msg} to output an actual string.

The formula if(height < ${max_height}, "OK",${warning_msg}) is converted into if(height < 500, "OK", too tall) before being evaluated and will therefore issue a syntax error.

The formula if(height < ${max_height}, "OK",${msgs}["over"]) is converted into if(height < 500, "OK", {"ok":"OK", "over":"too tall"}["over"]) before being evaluated and will therefore issue a syntax error.

The formula if(height < ${max_height}, "OK",${msgs.over}) will throw a syntax error as there is no variable named “msgs.over”.

The formula if(height < ${max_height}, "OK", parseJson('${msgs}')["over"] is converted into if(height < 500, "OK", parseJson('{"ok":"OK", "over":"too tall"}')["over"]) before being evaluated and will be evaluated as if(height < 500.0, "OK", "too tall").

## Array functions¶

arrayContains(array a, item) boolean

Returns whether the array a contains item

arrayContains([1, 2, 3], 5) returns false

arrayDedup(array a) array

Returns array a with duplicates removed

arrayDedup([0, 1, 0, 7]) returns [0,1,7]

arrayIndexOf(array a, item) int

Returns the index (starting from 0) of item in the array a, or -1 if the item is not found in the array.

arrayIndexOf([1 , 0],  2) returns -1

arrayLen(array a) int

Returns the length of the array a

arrayLen([1,2,3]) returns 3

arrayReverse(array a) array

Reverses array a

arrayReverse([1,2,3]) returns [3,2,1]

arraySort(array a) array

Sorts array a

arraySort(["b", "1", "a"]) returns ["1","a","b"]

get(array a, from index, [to index]) Output depends on arguments

Returns o[from, to]. Omitting the optional number to will return what is at the first index specified.

get([1,2,3,4,5], 1, 4) returns [2,3,4]

get([1,2,3,4,5], 1) returns 2

join(array a, string sep) string

Returns the string obtained by joining the elements of array a with the separator sep

For example, the expression join(date_elements, '-') on a column date_elements produces:

date_elements

output

[2007, 7, 15]

2007-7-15

[2016, 1, 8]

2016-1-8

objectKeys(object o) array

Returns the keys of an object as an array

objectValues(object o) array

Returns the values of an object as an array

slice(object o, from index, [to index]) Output depends on arguments

If o is an array, returns an array containing the items between from and to (excluded). If o is a string, returns the part of the string between from and to (excluded). Omitting the optional number to will return the remainder of the string or array. Note: slice and substring are identical.

slice([1,2,3,4,5], 1, 4) returns [2,3,4]

slice('hello', 1) returns 'ello'

substring(object o, from index, [to index]) Output depends on arguments

If o is a string, returns the part of the string between from and to (excluded). If o is an array, returns an array containing the items between from and to (excluded). Omitting the optional number to will return the remainder of the string or array. Note: substring and slice are identical.

substring('0123456', 2, 5) returns '234'

substring([1,2,3,4,5,6], 3) returns [4,5,6]

## Boolean functions¶

asBool(o) boolean

Returns o converted to a boolean.

asBool(0) returns false

asBool('yes') returns true

isFalse(boolean b) boolean

Returns whether b is false.

isFalse('false') returns false (the argument is a string, not a boolean, so this method returns false)

isFalse(asBool(0)) returns true

isTrue(boolean b) boolean

Returns whether b is true.

isTrue('true') returns false (the argument is a string, not a boolean, so this method returns false)

isTrue(asBool(1)) returns true

and(boolean a, boolean b) boolean

Evaluates logical AND (conjunction) on several statements. All conditions need to be fulfilled for the function to return true. Is equivalent to a && b.

and(1==1, 3<4) returns true

not(boolean b) boolean

Evaluates logical NOT (negation) of a statement, returning the opposite of b.

not(1!=1) returns false

or(boolean a, boolean b) boolean

Evaluates logical OR (disjunction) on several statements. At least one condition needs to be fulfilled for the function to return true. Is equivalent to a || b.

or(1==1, 3>4) returns true

## Date functions¶

asDate(object o, [format1, …]) date

Returns o converted to a date, based on the format(s) provided. If your column contains more than one date format, you can give an ordered list of possible formats. If you don’t give a format, ISO-8601 is used by default (see more examples of the syntax for ISO-8601). Here is some example syntax:

• ‘y’ (Year)

• ‘M’ (month in year)

• ‘w’ (week in year)

• ‘W’ (week in month)

• ‘d’ (day in month)

• ‘D’ (day in year)

• ‘E’ (day name in week)

• ‘u’ (day number in week. Monday =1)

• ‘H’ (hour in day, 0-23)

• ‘m’ (minute)

• ‘s’ (second)

• S (millisecond)

asDate('2020-04-15', 'yyyy-MM-dd') returns 2020-04-15T00:00:00.000Z

datePart(date d, string part, [timezone]) Output depends on arguments

Extracts a date component from date d. Returned date components are always in local timezone–unless the optional timezone is included–and in English (see a complete list of supported timezones.). The available components are:

• ‘years’ (or ‘year’)

• ‘isoWeekYear’ gives the ISO week-numbering year

• ‘months’ (or ‘month’)

• ‘weekOfYear’ gives the week of the year (as per server locale’s convention)

• ‘isoWeekOfYear’ gives the ISO week number of the year

• ‘weeks’ (or ‘week’ or ‘w’)

• ‘isoWeekOfMonth’ gives the ISO week number of the month

• ‘days’ (or ‘day’ or ‘d’)

• ‘weekday’ (the name of the day of the week, capitalized)

• ‘dayofweek’ (day of the week as a number. Monday=1, Tuesday=2, … Sunday=7)

• ‘hours’ (or ‘hour’ or ‘h’)

• ‘minutes’ (or ‘minute’ or ‘min’)

• ‘seconds’ (or ‘second’ or ‘s’)

• ‘unixTime’ (number of seconds since epoch)

• ‘millisecond’ (or ‘millisecond’, or ‘ms’)

• ‘time’ (number of milliseconds since epoch)

datePart('2020-04-15T00:00:00.000Z', 'weekday') returns "Wednesday"

datePart('2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z', 'year', '-08:00') returns 2019

diff(date d1, date d2, [string unit]) number

Returns the difference between two dates expressed in given time units. The default unit of time is days. The available units are:

• ‘years’ (or ‘year’)

• ‘months’ (or ‘month’)

• ‘weeks’ (or ‘week’ or ‘w’)

• ‘days’ (or ‘day’ or ‘d’)

• ‘hours’ (or ‘hour’ or ‘h’)

• ‘minutes’ (or ‘minute’ or ‘min’)

• ‘seconds’ (or ‘second’ or ‘s’)

diff('2019-03-15T00:00:00.000Z', '2020-04-15T00:00:00.000Z', 'month') returns -13

inc(date d, number value, string unit) date

Returns d incremented or decremented by the number value in the specified unit of time; a decimal number value will be truncated to an integer. The available units are:

• ‘years’ (or ‘year’)

• ‘months’ (or ‘month’)

• ‘weeks’ (or ‘week’ or ‘w’)

• ‘days’ (or ‘day’ or ‘d’)

• ‘hours’ (or ‘hour’ or ‘h’)

• ‘minutes’ (or ‘minute’ or ‘min’)

• ‘seconds’ (or ‘second’ or ‘s’)

inc('2020-04-15T00:00:00.000Z', -3, 'week') returns 2020-03-25T00:00:00.000Z

now() date

Returns the current time

trunc(date d, string unit) date

Returns d truncated to the unit specified. The available units are:

• ‘years’ (or ‘year’)

• ‘months’ (or ‘month’)

• ‘weeks’ (or ‘week’ or ‘w’)

• ‘days’ (or ‘day’ or ‘d’)

• ‘hours’ (or ‘hour’ or ‘h’)

• ‘minutes’ (or ‘minute’ or ‘min’)

• ‘seconds’ (or ‘second’ or ‘s’)

trunc('2020-04-03T07:47:45.245Z', 'month') returns 2020-04-01T00:00:00.000Z

## Math functions¶

abs(number d) number

Returns the absolute value of a number

abs(-7) returns 7.0

acos(number d) number

Returns the arc cosine of an angle, in the range 0 through PI

acos(-1) returns 3.141592654

asin(number d) number

Returns the arc sine of an angle in the range of -PI/2 through PI/2

asin(1) returns 1.570796327

atan(number d) number

Returns the arc tangent of an angle in the range of -PI/2 through PI/2

atan2(number x, number y) number theta

Converts rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar (r, theta)

ceil(number n) number

Returns the ceiling of a number

ceil(4.67) returns 5

ceil(-4.67) returns -4

combin(number n, number k) number

Returns the number of combinations for n elements divided into groups of k, n!/k!(n-k)!

combin(6, 2) returns 15

cos(number d) number

Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle

cos(0) returns 1.0

cosh(number d) number

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a value

cosh(0) returns 1.0

dec2hex(long) string

Returns an hexadecimal representation of the input number

dec2hex(10) returns a dec2hex(256) returns 100

degrees(number d) number

Converts an angle from radians to degrees.

degrees(PI()) returns 180.0

even(number n) number

Rounds the number up to the nearest even integer

even(3) returns 4.0

even(2.3) returns 4.0

even(-2.3) returns -2.0

even(-3) returns -2.0

exp(number n) number

Returns the exponential of a number

exp(2) returns 7.38905609893065

fact(number i) number

Returns the factorial of a number i

fact(4) returns 24

factn(number i, number d) number

Returns the factorial of a number i, omitting every dth item from the multiplication

factn(7, 3) returns 28

floor(number d) number

Returns the floor of a number

floor(4.7) returns 4

gcd(number d, number e) number

Returns the greatest common denominator of the two numbers

gcd(21, 28) returns 7.0

hash(string) long

Returns a 64 bits numerical hash of the input (not crypto-secure)

hash("goo") returns 2774880816139997119

hex2dec(string) long

Returns a decimal representation of an hexadecimal string

hex2dec("a") returns 10

lcm(number d, number e) number

Returns the least common multiple of the two numbers

lcm(20, 42) returns 420.0

ln(number n) number

Returns the natural log of a number

ln(exp(1)) returns 1.0 ln(2.72) returns 1.000631880307906

log(number n) number

Returns the base 10 log of a number

log(100) returns 2.0

max(a, b, …) Output depends on arguments

Returns the greater of two or more numbers, two or more strings, or the more recent of two or more dates

max(-1, 3) returns 3

max('luke', 'leia') returns 'luke'

max('2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z', '2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z') returns 2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z

min(a, b, …) number

Returns the smaller of two or more numbers, two or more strings, or older of two or more dates

min(-1, 3) returns -1.0

min('luke', 'leia') returns 'leia'

min('2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z', '2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z') returns 2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z

mod(number a, number b) number

Returns a modulus b

mod(5, 3) returns 2

mod(7.8, 3) returns 1

multinomial(number d1, number d2 …) number

Returns the multinomial of a series of numbers, (sum(d1, d2, d3,...))! / d1! * d2! * d3! ...

multinomial(1, 1, 2, 1) returns 60

odd(number d) number

Rounds the number up to the nearest odd integer

odd(5.3) returns 7.0

odd(-5.3) returns -5.0

PI() number

Returns the value of PI

pow(number a, number b) number

Returns a to the power of b

pow(2, -1) returns 0.5

quotient(number numerator, number denominator) number

Returns the integer portion of a division

quotient(7, 2) returns 3.0

Converts an angle in degrees to radians

radians(180) returns 3.141592653589793

rand([int min], [int max]) double or int

Without arguments, returns a random float between 0 and 1. With min and max arguments, returns a random integer between min (inclusive) and max (exclusive)

round(number n) number

Returns the rounding of number to the nearest integer

round(3.5) returns 4.0

round(-3.5) returns -3.0

sin(number d) number

Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle

sin(radians(90)) returns 1.0

sinh(number d) number

Returns the hyperbolic sine of an angle

sinh(0) returns 0.0

sqrt(number n) number

Returns the square root of number n.

sqrt(81) returns 9.0

sum(array a) number

Sums the numbers of an array. Skips non-number elements from the array.

sum([1, 2, "string", 3]) returns 6.0

tan(number d) number

Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle

tan(0) returns 0.0

tanh(number d) number

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a value

toNumber(o) number

Returns o converted to a number

toNumber("5") returns 5

## Object functions¶

get(object o, string field, [string defaultValue]) Output depends on arguments

Returns o[from]. If o[from] is empty and default has been provided, returns default.

get(parseJson('{"name":"joe", "age":42}'), "age") returns 42

get(parseJson('{"name":"joe"'), "age", 37) returns 37

hasField(object o, string name) boolean

Returns whether o has the field name

hasField(parseJson('{""name"": ""joe"", ""age"": 42 }'), ""age"") returns true

htmlAttr(Element e, String s) string

Selects a value from an attribute on an Html Element

htmlText(Element e) string

Selects the text from within an element (including all child elements)

htmlAttr(select(parseHtml('<div><a href="www.dataiku.com"></div>'), '[href]')[0], "href") returns "www.dataiku.com"

innerHtml(Element e) string

The innerHtml of an HTML element

jsonize(value) JSON literal value

Quotes a value as a JSON literal value

objectDel(object o, key, [key…]) object

Removes one or several keys from an object and returns it. The keys must not be null

objectDel(parseJson('{"firstName": "birdie", "company": "Dataiku" }'), 'firstName') returns {"company":"Dataiku"}

objectNew(k1, v1, k2, v2, …) object

Creates a new object, optionally pre-filled with key/values. Must get an even number of arguments, as successive key-value pairs. Giving 0 arguments is possible and will return an empty object (you can use objectPut to add to it)

objectNew("firstName", "birdie", "company", "Dataiku") returns {"firstName": "birdie", "company": "Dataiku" }

objectPut(object o, key, value) object

Adds a key/value pair to an object and returns it. The key must not be null

ownText(Element e) string

Gets the text owned by this HTML element only; does not get the combined text of all children.

parseHtml(string s) HTML object

Parses a string as HTML

parseJson(string s) object or array

Parses a JSON string as an object or array

select(Element e, String s) HTML Elements

Selects an element from an HTML elementn using selector syntax

type(object o) string

Returns the type of o

type(3.126) returns number

## String functions¶

chomp(string s string tail) string

Removes tail from the end of s if it’s there, otherwise leaves it alone.

chomp("foobar", "bar") returns "foo"

coalesce(value1, value2, …) Output depends on arguments

Returns the first non-empty value.

coalesce("", "foo") returns "foo"

concat((object a1, [object a2, …])) Output depends on arguments

Returns a string of concatenated values. If one of your columns contains leading 0 (zeros), wrap it in a strval('column_name') to preserve them.

concat("Birds", " ", "fly") returns "Birds fly"

concat(1, 2, 3) returns "123"

contains(string s, string frag) boolean

Returns whether s contains frag

contains("hello world ", "llo") returns true

endsWith(string s, string tail) boolean

Returns whether s ends with tail

endsWith("hello world", "rld") returns true

escape(string s, string mode) string

Escapes a s using the escaping mode specified. Supported modes: ‘html’, ‘xml’, ‘csv’, ‘url’, javascript’. Note that the escape uses the standard java URLEncoder for urls and StringEscapeUtils for others

format(string format, object… args) string

Formats a string using printf-like formatting using the Java Formatter syntax.

'%4d-%02d'.format(2004,2) returns '2004-02'

fromBase64(string s, [string charset]) string

Returns the string whose Base64 representation is given. By default, the string is read using the UTF-8 charset.

fromBase64('SA==') returns "H"

get(string s, from index, [to index]) Output depends on arguments

Returns s.substring(from, to). Omitting the optional number to will return what is at the first index specified.

get('Oh no, kittens!', 0, 5) returns 'kittens!'

get('Oh no, kittens!', 1) returns 'h'

indexOf(string s, string sub) number

Returns the index of the first occurrence of sub in s. Index begins at 0. Returns -1 if there is no such occurrence.

indexOf("hello world", "world") returns 6

lastIndexOf(string s, string sub) number

Returns the index of the last occurrence of sub in s. Index begins at 0. Returns -1 if there is no such occurrence.

lastIndexOf("hello world", "o") returns 7

length(array or string o) number

Returns the length of o

length("hello world") returns 11

length([4,5,6]) returns 3

match(string a, string or regexp) array of strings

Returns an array of the matching groups found in s. Groups are designated by () within the specified string or regular expression.

match('hello world', 'he(.*)wo(rl)d') returns ["llo ","rl"]

md5(string s) string

Returns the MD5 hash of a string

md5('hi') returns "49f68a5c8493ec2c0bf489821c21fc3b"

partition(string s, string or regex frag, [boolean omitFragment]) array

Returns an array of strings [a,frag,b] where a is the part before the first occurrence of frag in s and b is the part after the occurrence. If omitFragment is true, frag is not returned in the array.

partition(""hello"", ""he"") returns ["""",""he"",""llo""]

partition(""hello"", ""he"", asBool(1)) returns ["""",""llo""]

partition(""hello"", /.l/)" returns [""h"",""el"",""lo""]

replace(string s, string or regex f, string replacement) string

Replaces all occurrences of substring / regex f found in string s with the replacement string.

replace('hello world', 'hel', 'a') returns "alo world"

replace(""Oh my!"", /\w/, 'x') returns "xx xx!"

replaceChars(string s, string f, string r) string

Returns the string obtained by replacing all character in s that match f with the character in r at that same position. The function can be used to delete characters by replacing them with nothing.

replaceChars('abcba', 'bc', 'BC') returns aBCBa replaceChars('abcba', 'bc', 'Z') returns aZZa

rpartition(string s, string or regex frag, [boolean omitFragment]) array

Returns an array of strings [a,frag,b] where a is the part before the last occurrence of frag in s and b is the part after the occurrence. If omitFragment is true, frag is not returned in the array.

rpartition("hello world", "o") returns ["hello w","o","rld"]

sha1(string s) string

Returns the SHA-1 hash of a string

sha1('goo') returns 3f95edc0399d06d4b84e7811dd79272c69c8ed3a

sha256(string s) string

Returns the SHA-256 hash of a string

sha512(string s) string

Returns the SHA-512 hash of a string

split(string s, string or regex sep, [boolean preserveAllTokens]) array

Returns the array of strings obtained by splitting s with separator sep. If preserveAllTokens is true, then empty segments are preserved.

split(""hello"", ""he"") returns [""llo""]

split(""hello"", ""he"", asBool(1)) returns ["""",""llo""]

split(""hello"", /.l/) returns [""h"",""lo""]

split("Hello world!", /\s+/) returns ["Hello","world!"]

splitByCharType(string s) array

Returns an array of strings obtained by splitting s grouping consecutive chars by their unicode type

splitByCharType("Hello_world 101!?!") returns ["H","ello","_","world"," ","101","!?!"]

splitByLengths(string s, number length1, […]) array

Returns an array of strings obtained by splitting s into substrings, each with its own specified length.

splitByLengths("Hello world", 1, 2, 3, 4) returns ["H","el","lo ","worl"]

startsWith(string s, string sub) boolean

Returns whether s starts with sub

startsWith("Hello world", "He") returns true

strip(string s) string

Returns copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted. This function is the same as trim.

strip(" Hello World ") returns "Hello World"

toBase64(string s, [string charset]) string

Returns the Base64 representation of a string. By default, the string is written using the UTF-8 charset.

toBase64("H") returns "SA=="

toLowercase(string s) string

Converts a string to lowercase

toLowercase("HELLO WORLD") returns "hello world"

toString(o, string format (optional)) string

Returns o converted to a string

toString(5) returns "5"

toTitlecase(string s) string

Converts a string to titlecase

toTitlecase("hello world") returns "Hello World"

toUppercase(string s) string

Converts a string to uppercase

toUppercase("hello world") returns "HELLO WORLD"

trim(string s) string

Returns copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.

trim(" Hello World ") returns "Hello World"

unescape(string s, string mode) string

Unescapes all escaped parts of the string depending on the given escaping mode. Available modes: ‘html’, ‘xml’, ‘csv’, ‘url’, ‘javascript’

unicode(string s) string

Returns the input string as an array of the unicode codepoints (numbers)

unicode("Hi!") returns [72,105,33]

unicodeType(string s) string

Returns an array of strings describing each character of the input string in their full unicode notation

unicodeType("y 0H?") returns ["lowercase letter","space separator","decimal digit number","uppercase letter","other punctuation"]

## Value access functions¶

numval(object o) number

Returns the numercial value of a column. If the value is not numerical, an empty value is returned.

Note

Use numval when your column name contains spaces or periods to ensure DSS parses it properly as in numval("my.column") or numval("my column"). Remember to always write the column name in “quotes” when using numval.

strval(object o, [defaultValue]) string

Returns the string value of a column. If the value is not a string, an empty value is returned. Specify an optional defaultValue to replace empty cells with defaultValue.

Note

Use strval when your column name contains spaces or periods to ensure DSS parses it properly as in strval("my.column") or strval("my column"). Remember to always write the column name in “quotes” when using strval.

val(object o, [defaultValue]) Output depends on argument

Returns the value of a column. Specify an optional defaultValue to replace empty cells with defaultValue. The type of the resulting column is auto-detected (use strval or numval to force it).

Note

Use val when your column name contains spaces or periods to ensure DSS parses it properly as in val("my.column") or val("my column"). Remember to always write the column name in “quotes” when using val.

## Control structures¶

Control structures allow you to perform advanced operations.

Beware: control structures cannot use object notation !

filter(array a, variable v, expression e) array

Evaluates expression a to an array. Then for each array element, binds its value to variable name v, evaluates expression e, and pushes the result onto the result array if the result is truish.

filter(['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'ab', 'bc'], item, item.startsWith('a')) returns ["aa","ab"]

Note

filter(myarray, v, v < 2) is equivalent to this Python syntax: [v for v in myarray if v < 2] and returns the array with only the elements below 2

forEeach(array a, variable v, expression e) array

Evaluates expression a to an array. Then for each array element, binds its value to variable name v, evaluates expression e, and pushes the result onto the result array.

forEach(['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'ab', 'bc'], item, item.startsWith('a')) returns [true,false,false,true,false]

Note

forEach(myarray, v, v + 2) is equivalent to this Python syntax: [v+2 for v in myarray]

forEachIndex(array a, variable i, variable v, expression e) array

Evaluates expression a to an array. Then for each array element, binds its value to variable name v and its index to variable name i, evaluates expression e, and pushes the result onto the result array.

forEachIndex(['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'ab', 'bc'], index, item, index < 2 || item.startsWith('a')) returns [true,true,false,true,false]

Note

forEachIndex(myarray, i, v, v + i) is equivalent to this Javascript syntax: myarray.map(function(v, i) { return v+i ;})

forRange(from, to, step, variable v, expression e) array

Iterates, starting at from, incrementing by step each time while less than to. At each iteration, binds the variable v to the iteration value, evaluates expression e, and pushes the result onto the result array.

forRange(0, 21, 3, v, v) returns [0,3,6,9,12,15,18] forRange(0, 21, 3, v, v*5) returns [0,15,30,45,60,75,90]

Note

forRange(0, 100, 3, v, v * 2) is equivalent to this Python syntax: [v * 2 for v in xrange(0, 100, 3)] and returns [0, 6, 12, 18 …. 198]

if(boolean, expression_true, expression_false) Output depends on expression

Evaluates to expression_true if the condition is true, to expression_false otherwise

if(3>2, "I heart #s", "my brain hurts") returns "I heart #s"

objectFilter(expression a, variable k, variable v, expression test) object

Evaluates expression a to an object. Then for each element (k, v) of this object, binds its key to variable name k, its value to variable name v, evaluates expression test which should return a boolean. If the boolean is true, pushes (k, v) onto the result object.

objectFilter('{"fName":"Joe", "lName":"Smith", "age":42 }', k, v, k.contains("Name")) returns {"fName":"Joe","lName":"Smith"}

with(expression o, variable v, expression e) Output depends on expression

Evaluates expression o and binds its value to variable name v. Then evaluates expression e and returns that result. The with control allows you to “split” a very big expression into more manageable chunks. It also makes reusing the result of a complex computation easier to read and faster to process.

with("european union".split(" "), a, a.length()) returns 2

with("european union".split(" "), a, forEach(a, v, v.length())) returns [8,5]

## Tests¶

Beware: tests cannot use object notation

isBlank(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o is null or an empty string. IsBlank() returns true when value is null or empty (“”). It does not consider a string made of blank spaces as blank; it considers an expression with an error as blank.

isBlank("") returns true

isBlank(" ") returns false

isBlank(abs("a")) returns true

isError(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o is an error

isError(abs("a")) returns true

isNonBlank(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o is non-null or a not-empty string. IsNonBlank() returns false when value is null or empty (“”). It considers a string made of blank spaces as NonBlank; it considers an expression with an error as blank.

isNonBlank("") returns false

isNonBlank(" ") returns true

isNonBlank(abs("a")) returns false

isNotNull(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o is not null. IsNotNull() returns false when value is null or empty (“”). It does not consider a string made of blank spaces as not null, and considers an expression with an error as not null.

isNotNull("") returns false

isNotNull(" ") returns false

isNotNull(abs(a")) returns true

isNull(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o is null or an empty string. IsNull() returns true when value is null or empty (“”). It considers a string made of blank spaces as null, and does not consider an expression with an error as null.

isNull("") returns true

isNull(" ") returns true

isNull(abs("a")) returns false

isNumeric(expression o) boolean

Returns whether o can represent a number